In the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, less than 500 grams of
embryos or fetuses and all or part of their attachments are excreted outside
the uterine cavity.
Approximately 15% of clinically defined pregnancies result in
miscarriage. These are miscarriages that occur after the diagnosis of
pregnancy. An important part of miscarriages occurs at a very early stage
before pregnancy is realized. Since these are only at an early stage that can
be noticed by the biochemical method, they are also called chemical pregnancy.
Threat of
miscarriage: Vaginal bleeding in pregnancies below 20 weeks.
Approximately 30-40% of expectant mothers are threatened with miscarriage
during their pregnancy. In this case, bleeding is usually not severe. The
cervix is closed.
Expectant mothers who are threatened with miscarriage are
advised to restrict their physical activities, rest at bed and prohibit sexual
intercourse. In addition, drugs containing Progesterone hormone can be used in
cases where luteal phase failure is considered as a cause of miscarriage. The
effectiveness of treatment methods is controversial.
Despite all the measures, the threat of miscarriage can end
with a miscarriage. 50% of all low threats result in miscarriage. One reason
for this event is that a significant part of miscarriages are caused by genetic
anomalies. Failure to continue an unhealthy pregnancy can be considered as the
functioning of the natural selection mechanism.
Inevitable
- Unstoppable Miscarriage: In this case, bleeding is usually severe and the
cervix is open. There may be cramp-shaped abdomen, groin pain. Treatment is
abortion.
Incomplete
Miscarriage: Loss of some of the pregnancy tissues. Before the 6th week
of pregnancy, the embryo and placenta are usually excreted together. In
miscarriages that occur during the later weeks of pregnancy, some parts of the
embryo, membranes, or fragments of placental tissue may remain inside. Parts
that remain in the uterus should be cleaned with an abortion.
Full
Miscarriage: All tissues belonging to pregnancy have been discarded.
However, in practice, an abortion can be applied to ensure that the inside of
the uterus is completely clean.
Missed
miscarriage: The dead products of pregnancy remain within the uterus for
a few weeks (3 weeks). Abortion should be done.
Rest
Placenta: After miscarriage or after abortion, some other parts of
pregnancy remain in the uterus. To stop bleeding and prevent infection,
abortion and uterine cleaning must be completely removed.
Recurrent
miscarriages: This is 3 or more miscarriage in a row. There may be
abnormalities related to uterus or coagulation disorders as well as 50% of
them.
Causes of
miscarriage are:
- Chromosome anomaly of the embryo
- Multiple pregnancies
- Teratogenic or mutagenic effects (drug, radiation, etc.)
- Genetics (a genetic disorder belonging to the mother or
father)
- Structural anomalies in the reproductive system
- Congenital uterine anomalies (septum etc.)
- Myomas
- Cervical insufficiency
- Acute conditions in the mother
- Corpus luteum insufficiency
- Active infections (such as rubella, cytomegalovirus,
Listeria, Toxoplasma)
- High fever
- Asherman's syndrome
- Chronic diseases of the mother
- Polycystic ovarian disease
- Uncontrolled diabetes
- Kidney disease
- Systemic lupus (SLE)
- Thyroid diseases
- Severe hypertension
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
External
factors:
- Cigaret
- alcohol
- drugs
- High dose caffeine
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION:
Approximately 50 percent of all miscarriage has chromosomal
abnormal structure (the remaining half is chromosomally normal). In
miscarriage, which is in the first weeks of pregnancy, the chromosomal anomaly
rate rises to 70 percent. The most common cause of spontaneous abortion is
chromosomal anomalies.
- Most spontaneous miscarriages (about 75%) occur in the
first trimester of pregnancy.
- The most common chromosomal anomaly in miscarriage is
monosomy X0 (Turner syndrome). The most common trisomy is trisomy 16, followed
by trisomy 22, 21, 18, 13, respectively.
- Chromosomal anomaly rate is 50 percent in miscarriages,
5-10 percent in stillbirths and 1 percent in live births.
- While most of the chromosomal anomalies in living births
are structural anomalies, most of the chromosomal anomalies in stillbirths and
miscarriages are trisomies. (Trisomy 18 is the most common in stillbirths and
trisomy 16 is most common in miscarriages.)
-ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
-HETEROTOPIC PREGNANCY
-SILENT MISCARRIAGE (MISSED MISCARRIAGE)
-MOLAR PREGNANCY
-OVARIAN PREGNANCY
-CERVICAL PREGNANCY
-CERVICAL INSUFFICIENCY
