Placenta is the body that provides all the exchanges between
the baby and the mother during pregnancy. It occurs and develops in the early
stages of pregnancy, shortly after the birth of the baby, the mother leaves the
womb and is thrown out. The placenta, which leaves after birth, is
approximately half a kilo of 20-25 cm in diameter, 2-3 cm thick, and looks flat
near the circle. After the mother's egg cell and the father's sperm cell are
fertilized and combined, they divide and multiply and form a group of cells
called blastocysts. Then some cells differentiate (transformoblast cells) form
the placenta side, and some cells differentiate and form the baby side. In
other words, the placenta consists of an egg fertilized just like the fetus.
The umbilical cord of the baby lies between the placenta and the baby's navel.
Placenta provides nutrients, glucose, proteins, vitamins,
minerals, oxygen to pass from mother to baby during pregnancy. It provides
waste and carbon dioxide to the mother from the baby. This exchange between
mother and baby is due to the passing of mother and baby blood through very
thin vessels in the placenta. The placenta does not only exchange between
mother and baby, but it also has an important role in the production and
secretion of some hormones. One of the hormones secreted by the placenta is
progesterone. This hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum in the early stages
of pregnancy until the placenta is formed. The corpus luteum is a type of cyst
that forms in the ovary at the beginning of pregnancy after ovulation. After a
while, this cyst disappears and the placenta takes over the task of producing
the hormone progesterone. The placenta also produces estrogen hormone
(estriol). The hormone HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) determined in
pregnancy tests is a hormone produced by the placenta, starting from the days
when pregnancy adhered to the lining of the uterus. The hormone HCG allows the
corpus luteum cyst to continue, so that the release of progesterone from the
kedar corpus luteum continues until the placenta develops and the miscarriage
is prevented. Human Placental lactogen and relaxin are also hormones produced
by the placenta.
The placenta is usually separated within 5 minutes after the
baby is born and taken by the doctor. Sometimes this dropout time may take
longer. In very rare cases, when it is not separated by itself and adhering to
the uterus (placenta accreta), it can be made by hand and even it may be taken
by surgery.
During the cesarean section, the placenta is taken out of the
uterus by the doctor immediately after the baby is taken.
Those who
can pass through the placenta:
- TRH
Those who
cannot pass through the placenta:
- TSH
- Heparin
Abnormal
placenta types:
- Placenta to the globule: This type of placenta, called
placenta bipartita, consists of two separate lobes, both lobes are
approximately the same size. In case of more than two lobes, the mutilobule is
called the placenta. If one of the two lobes is a small accessory lobe, then
the placenta is succentriata.
- Membranous placenta (Placenta Diffusa): Fetal membranes are
covered with villi. Placenta may accompany previa and acreta.
- Ring-shaped (annular, ring, zonary) placenta
- Placenta fenestrata
- Circumvallat placenta (placenta circumvallate): Fetal
membranes do not completely cover the fetal face of the placenta. It is in the
middle of the placenta surrounded by a ring-shaped membrane. The risk of
abortion, IUGR, preterm delivery, fetal calo beat, trace disorder, detachment,
congenital anomaly and fetal death have increased in pregnancies with this type
of placenta.
- Circummarginate placenta: Fetal membranes do not completely
cover the fetal face of the placenta. Sirkumvallat is a non-plication variant
on the edge of the placenta, so no collapsed area is formed in the middle.
If the umbilical cord enters the placenta from the side, not
from the middle, this is called marginal insertion (battledore placenta). If
the umbilical veins enter the placenta naked without being wrapped around the
cord, this is called a valematic insertion (membranous insertion). Both
conditions are associated with an increased risk of IUGR.
Reasons why
the placenta is larger than normal:
- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
- Hidrops fetalis
- Syphilis infection
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